Q3.Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach.

India, highly vulnerable to diverse disasters, has significantly reformed its disaster management approach. There's a notable shift from a post-disaster reactive model to a proactive, holistic, and multi-hazard strategy.

Earlier Reactive Approach

Previously, disaster management was largely relief-centric, focusing primarily on post-calamity response, rescue, and rehabilitation, often lacking pre-emptive measures and long-term risk reduction strategies.

Recent Proactive Measures and Institutional Framework

• Institutional Framework: Formation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) under the DM Act, 2005, providing a statutory framework for policy, planning, and coordination.
• Dedicated Response Forces: Establishment of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and State Disaster Response Forces (SDRFs) for specialized search, rescue, and relief operations, ensuring rapid and professional response.
• National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP): The NDMP 2016, India's first national plan, emphasizes prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery across all hazards, aligning with global frameworks.
• Technology and Capacity Building: Increased focus on early warning systems, satellite imagery, GIS, and real-time data for effective forecasting and response. Extensive capacity building through training for first responders and communities.
• Community and Multi-stakeholder Approach: Emphasis on community participation, awareness generation, and school safety programs to build grassroots resilience. Promoting a multi-stakeholder approach involving NGOs and private sector.

This paradigm shift underscores India's commitment to building a disaster-resilient nation, moving beyond mere relief to a comprehensive risk reduction and preparedness framework, ensuring sustainable development and safety.