Q2.What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in the Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas?

Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in Eastern India, primarily Naxalism, poses a significant internal security challenge, rooted in deep socio-economic grievances and governance deficits.

• Socio-economic Factors: Poverty, inequality, land alienation, lack of basic services, and displacement.
• Governance Deficits: Poor administration, corruption, ineffective justice, and lack of grievance redressal.
• Geographical Advantages: Dense forests, difficult terrain, and poor connectivity aiding extremist operations.

GoI employs a multi-pronged strategy integrating security operations with development initiatives. This is guided by the SAMADHAN doctrine: Smart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation & training, Actionable intelligence, Dashboard-based KPIs, Harnessing technology, Action plan for each theatre, No access to financing.

• Good governance and effective service delivery.
• Robust grievance redressal and community outreach.
• Accelerated infrastructure development.
• Implementing land reforms, forest rights, and ensuring justice.

• Intensive intelligence gathering and area domination.
• Specialized operations (e.g., CoBRA) and capacity building.
• Inter-state coordination and strict adherence to human rights.
• Winning local trust and minimizing collateral damage.

A holistic, coordinated approach is paramount, integrating security with development to win 'hearts and minds'. Prioritizing tribal welfare, land reforms, forest rights, and skill development will mainstream marginalized communities and sustainably counter LWE.