Q3.Write a review on India’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022?

India, a developing nation, has consistently demonstrated strong commitment to global climate action, balancing its developmental needs with environmental responsibility. Its climate commitments under the Paris Agreement have progressively strengthened, reflecting enhanced ambition.

India's 2015 NDCs

• Reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33-35% from 2005 levels by 2030.
• Achieve 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
• Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

Enhanced Ambition at COP26 (Panchamrit)

• Reach non-fossil energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030.
• Meet 50% of its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.
• Reduce total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes from now until 2030.
• Reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels.
• Achieve Net-Zero emissions by 2070.

Formalized 2022 NDCs

India formally updated its NDCs in 2022, incorporating two key 'Panchamrit' pledges. These include reducing the emission intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels, and achieving 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030. This update signifies India's enhanced ambition and commitment.

Significance and Leadership

These voluntary commitments underscore India's proactive stance and leadership in global climate governance, demonstrating a pathway for sustainable development while addressing climate change. India's actions align with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.

India's evolving climate commitments reflect a progressive and responsible approach, setting ambitious targets while advocating for climate justice and equitable global action. The journey from initial pledges to strengthened and formalized targets showcases a robust national climate strategy.