Q2.What are the major challenges to internal security and peace process in the North-Eastern States? Map the various peace accords and agreements initiated by the government in the past decade.

The North-Eastern States, strategically vital and culturally diverse, have historically faced complex internal security challenges stemming from their unique geopolitical position and socio-ethnic landscape.

The region grapples with multifaceted challenges. Ethnic insurgencies and identity politics often fuel demands for greater autonomy or secession. Cross-border infiltration, arms smuggling, and drug trafficking exploit porous borders, exacerbating instability. Socio-economic disparities and underdevelopment create fertile ground for disaffection. The presence of various armed groups, often supported by external actors leveraging cross-border sanctuaries, complicates peace efforts. While AFSPA's gradual withdrawal is a positive step, its legacy and the need for security operations remain critical considerations.

• Bodo Peace Accord (2020): Resolved long-standing Bodo issues, creating Bodoland Territorial Region.
• Bru-Reang Resettlement Agreement (2020): Facilitated permanent settlement of displaced Bru tribals in Tripura.
• Karbi Anglong Agreement (2021): Brought peace to Karbi Anglong, ensuring development.
• NLFT Agreement (2019): Led to surrender of National Liberation Front of Tripura cadres.
• Assam-Meghalaya Border Agreement (2022): Partially resolved a decades-old inter-state boundary dispute.

Achieving sustainable peace requires a multi-pronged approach encompassing dialogue, inclusive development addressing historical grievances, and targeted security operations. Fostering trust and ensuring equitable growth are paramount for lasting stability.