Q11.What are the maritime security challenges in India ? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve maritime security.

India's vast coastline, island territories, and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) present unique security complexities, making robust maritime security crucial for national interests and economic prosperity.

• Maritime terrorism (e.g., 26/11 Mumbai attacks) and piracy.
• Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
• Smuggling of arms, drugs, and human trafficking.
• Territorial disputes and vulnerability of critical offshore infrastructure.

Organisational Initiatives

• Strengthening Indian Navy, Indian Coast Guard, and Marine Police.
• Establishment of National Committee for Maritime Security (NCMS) and Multi-Agency Centre (MAC).
• Implementation of the Coastal Security Scheme.

Technical Initiatives

• Setting up a comprehensive coastal surveillance network (radars, AIS).
• National Automatic Identification System (NAIS).
• Vessel Traffic Management Systems (VTMS) and satellite-based monitoring.

Procedural Initiatives

• Joint exercises and layered patrolling.
• Information sharing protocols (e.g., White Shipping Agreement).
• International cooperation and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for coastal security.

A 'whole of government' approach coupled with enhanced regional and international collaboration is crucial for effectively safeguarding India's vast and vital maritime domain.