Q12.Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the State? Explain.

Terrorism, a global scourge, significantly impacts India's security and development, manifesting in diverse forms and posing complex challenges to national integrity.

• Cross-border: Predominant in J&K (e.g., Pulwama, Uri attacks) and Punjab (drone incursions).
• Left-Wing Extremism (LWE): Naxalism in central and eastern India, targeting security forces and infrastructure.
• Ethno-nationalist: Insurgencies in the North-East region, though largely contained.
• Religious fundamentalism: Evident through ISIS-inspired modules and landmark attacks like Mumbai 26/11.
• Cyber-terrorism: Exploiting digital vulnerabilities for propaganda, funding, and attacks.

• Legislative: Acts like UAPA, NIA Act, and PMLA provide a robust legal framework.
• Institutional: Agencies such as NIA, NSG, MAC, NATGRID, and various intelligence bodies enhance response capabilities.
• Operational: Strategies include enhanced border management, intelligence gathering, counter-insurgency operations, and de-radicalization programs.
• International Cooperation: Engagement with FATF, bilateral intelligence sharing, and multilateral agreements to combat global terror networks.

India employs a comprehensive, multi-pronged strategy integrating legal, institutional, operational measures, and international cooperation to combat this persistent threat effectively.