Q4.Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference?

The 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) to the UNFCCC, held in Glasgow in 2021, was a critical summit aimed at accelerating action towards the goals of the Paris Agreement. It sought to keep the 1.5°C global warming limit within reach by securing global net-zero by mid-century and adapting to climate impacts.

• The Glasgow Climate Pact marked the first explicit mention of phasing down unabated coal power and inefficient fossil fuel subsidies in a COP decision, signaling a global shift away from fossil fuels.
• The Global Methane Pledge saw over 100 countries commit to collectively cut methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030, addressing a potent greenhouse gas.
• The Article 6 Rulebook was finalized, establishing a framework for international carbon markets and non-market approaches, enabling countries to trade carbon credits and cooperate on emissions reductions.
• Developed countries were urged to at least double their collective provision of adaptation finance to developing countries by 2025 from 2019 levels, recognizing the growing need for climate resilience.

• Achieving Net-Zero emissions by 2070.
• Increasing non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030.
• Meeting 50% of energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.
• Reducing total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030.
• Reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels.

COP26 achieved significant, albeit imperfect, progress in global climate action, particularly with the Glasgow Climate Pact and the finalization of the Article 6 Rulebook. India's ambitious Panchamrit commitments underscore its leadership and dedication to sustainable development, setting a strong example for other developing nations.