Q3.Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from the ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’?

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is crucial for India, a nation highly vulnerable to diverse natural and anthropogenic hazards. India has progressively strengthened its institutional and policy framework to mitigate disaster impacts and build resilience across various levels.

Pre-Sendai Framework (Before 2015)

Before 2015, India's DRR efforts were largely guided by the Disaster Management Act, 2005, which provided the legal and institutional basis. This led to the establishment of key bodies like the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM). The primary focus was on post-disaster response, preparedness, and developing early warning systems for specific hazards.

Post-Sendai Framework (After 2015)

Following the Sendai Framework, India adopted the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) in 2016, explicitly aligning with its priorities. This marked a significant paradigm shift towards proactive risk reduction, emphasizing a multi-hazard approach, strengthening disaster governance, investing in DRR, and promoting community resilience building. The 'build back better' principle became central to reconstruction efforts.

Key Differences: Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) vs. Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR)

India's DRR journey reflects a paradigm shift from a relief-centric to a holistic, proactive, and technology-driven approach. This continuous evolution, aligned with global frameworks and local needs, is vital for fostering a truly disaster-resilient nation.