Q15.“In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss

Coal is India's primary energy source, indispensable for electricity and core industries like steel and cement, driving economic growth and employment. Abundant domestic reserves ensure energy security and affordability.

Arguments for Coal's Inevitability in India's Development

• Primary energy source, crucial for thermal power and core industries (steel, cement).
• Ensures energy security and affordability from vast domestic reserves.
• Supports economic growth and significant employment.

Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts of Coal Mining

• Air pollution (PM, SOx, NOx), water contamination (acid mine drainage), land degradation.
• Deforestation, biodiversity loss, and major greenhouse gas emissions.
• Social costs include community displacement, health issues, and resource conflicts.

Mitigation Strategies and Transition to Alternatives

• Promote clean coal technologies and carbon capture.
• Aggressively deploy renewable energy and improve energy efficiency.
• Implement stringent environmental regulations.

While coal remains critical, a phased transition to cleaner energy, with robust environmental safeguards, is essential for sustainable development.