Q1.The use of the internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities is a major security concern. How have these been misused in the recent past? Suggest effective guidelines to curb the above threat.

The internet and social media have become potent tools for non-state actors, enabling subversive activities that pose significant global security challenges.

Misuse by Non-State Actors

• Platforms are exploited for radicalization, recruitment, propaganda dissemination (e.g., ISIS), terror financing, and coordinating attacks.
• They also spread misinformation/panic during civil unrest and facilitate cyber warfare.

Effective Guidelines to Curb the Threat

• Strengthen legal frameworks, enhance cybersecurity infrastructure, and improve intelligence gathering.
• Implement technological solutions: AI-driven content moderation, data analytics for threat detection, and encryption management.
• Foster international cooperation, build law enforcement capacity, and launch public awareness campaigns for digital literacy.
• Collaborate with social media platforms for proactive content removal, user verification, and counter-narrative strategies.

A comprehensive, multi-pronged strategy involving legal, technological, and collaborative efforts is imperative to effectively counter this evolving threat.