Q10.What do you understand about “Standard Positioning System” and “Precision positioning system” in the GPS era? Discuss the advantage India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites.

Satellite navigation systems offer location and timing services. Two key types are Standard Positioning System (SPS) and Precision Positioning System (PPS).

Standard Positioning System (SPS)

SPS is for civilian use, offering 10-20m accuracy, free access, and was historically affected by Selective Availability.

Precision Positioning System (PPS)

PPS is for military/authorized users, providing cm-m accuracy, encrypted, robust, and restricted access.

India's IRNSS (NavIC) Program

India's independent regional NavIC system uses seven satellites, offering both Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and a Restricted Service (RS) for authorized users.

Advantages of IRNSS

• Strategic autonomy, reducing reliance on foreign systems for critical defense and civilian needs.
• Enhanced accuracy for defense, disaster management, and public services within India and 1500 km beyond.
• The seven-satellite constellation (GEO/GSO) ensures continuous, high-availability regional coverage.

NavIC strengthens India's strategic capabilities, ensuring secure navigation and fostering indigenous technological advancement.