Q11."With the waning of globalization, post-Cold War world is becoming a site of sovereign nationalism." Elucidate.

The post-Cold War era, initially defined by burgeoning globalization and interconnectedness, is now witnessing a significant retreat. This waning trend is giving way to an international landscape increasingly characterized by sovereign nationalism.

Drivers of Waning Globalization

• Economic crises, trade protectionism, and geopolitical tensions.
• Supply chain vulnerabilities, as exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Rise of populist movements prioritizing domestic concerns.

Manifestations of Sovereign Nationalism

Sovereign nationalism prioritizes national interests, self-reliance, border control, and cultural identity over global integration. This is evident in 'America First' policies, Brexit, vaccine nationalism, reshoring of critical industries, and national energy independence drives.

Impact on Global Order

This shift signifies a move from multilateralism and interdependence towards bilateralism and regionalism, emphasizing national self-interest. It fundamentally challenges the efficacy and legitimacy of international institutions and global governance frameworks.

Ultimately, the world is experiencing a profound reassertion of national sovereignty, necessitating a re-evaluation of global cooperation models.