Q2.Critically examine India's neighbourhood policy in the context of recent geopolitical developments in South Asia.

India's 'Neighbourhood First' policy and SAGAR doctrine are cornerstones of its foreign policy, aiming for regional stability and prosperity. Recent geopolitical shifts necessitate a critical examination of its efficacy in South Asia.

Evolving Geopolitical Landscape

• China's growing economic and strategic footprint via BRI and debt diplomacy challenges India's traditional influence.
• Internal political instability, economic crises, and democratic backsliding in neighbours create vulnerabilities.

Core Tenets and Initiatives

• Policy focuses on mutual benefit, connectivity, and security for all.
• India's efforts include connectivity projects, development assistance, disaster relief, and vaccine diplomacy.

Strengths and Successes

• Enhanced regional integration through infrastructure and trade links.
• Effective humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations, strengthening goodwill.
• Vaccine Maitri demonstrated India's capacity as a reliable partner during crises.

Weaknesses and Challenges

• Persistent trust deficit, perception of 'big brother' attitude, and unresolved border disputes.
• Cross-border terrorism remains a significant security concern.
• China's deep economic inroads often overshadow India's development aid.

India's neighbourhood policy requires a proactive, adaptive, and multi-faceted approach. Fostering deeper economic integration, addressing trust deficits, and promoting genuine mutual benefit are crucial for ensuring regional stability and countering external influences effectively.