Q7.Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations

Legislative Councils (Vidhan Parishad) serve as the upper house in states with bicameral legislatures, providing a deliberative second chamber for legislative scrutiny and diverse representation.

• 1/3 elected by MLAs
• 1/3 elected by local bodies
• 1/12 elected by graduates
• 1/12 elected by teachers
• 1/6 nominated by Governor (art, science, literature, social service, cooperative movement)

LCs function as deliberative bodies, checking hasty legislation and representing diverse interests. However, they are subordinate to the Assembly; Money Bills cannot originate, and ordinary bills can only be delayed for four months. Six states (UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, AP, Telangana) currently have LCs. Debates persist, with AP's 2020 abolition resolution illustrating contested utility. Critics label LCs as 'parking lots' or a financial burden, potentially causing obstruction. Yet, they offer a valuable platform for expert input and legislative review.

While LCs aim to enhance legislative quality and representation, addressing concerns about their cost and potential for obstruction is crucial for them to fulfill their constitutional mandate effectively.