Q16.Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss

India, a part of the ancient Gondwanaland supercontinent, possesses vast mineral resources like coal, iron ore, bauxite, and manganese, primarily in its Peninsular region. Despite this immense potential, the mining sector's contribution to India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) remains low, around 2-2.5%.

Factors Limiting Mining's GDP Contribution

• Complex Regulatory Framework: Unstable policies, delays in environmental clearances, and land acquisition challenges deter investment.
• Environmental & Social Concerns: Public opposition and the need for sustainable practices lead to project restrictions and delays.
• Technological & Infrastructure Gaps: Obsolete technology, insufficient exploration, and poor transportation infrastructure hinder efficient extraction and processing.
• Governance Issues: Illegal mining, Naxalism in mineral-rich areas, and social displacement further reduce formal sector contribution and create operational hurdles.

Addressing these multifaceted challenges through policy reforms, technological upgrades, and sustainable practices is crucial to unlock India's true mining potential and enhance its economic contribution.