Q7.Rajyasabha has been transformed from a ‘useless Stepney tire’ to the most useful supportive organ in the past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as areas in which this transformation could be visible.

Once perceived as a secondary chamber, the Rajya Sabha has transformed from a 'useless Stepney tire' to an indispensable supportive organ of India's parliamentary democracy, reflecting its growing influence and utility.

• Rise of Coalition Politics: The era of coalition governments and hung parliaments has made Rajya Sabha's consent crucial for legislative business, as the ruling party often lacks an Upper House majority, necessitating greater deliberation.
• Enhanced Deliberative Role: It has emerged as a vital revising and deliberative chamber, meticulously scrutinizing legislation. This detailed examination by experienced members improves the quality and efficacy of bills.
• Platform for Expertise: Rajya Sabha provides a platform for distinguished individuals, experts, and diverse voices, enriching parliamentary discourse and policy formulation with specialized knowledge.

• Guardian of Federalism: Rajya Sabha actively safeguards federal principles, representing states' interests and preventing hasty centralisation. Its special powers under Articles 249 and 312 underscore this role.
• Legislative Check: It plays a crucial role in passing constitutional amendments and non-money bills, often acting as a necessary check on the Lok Sabha's majority, ensuring broader consensus.
• Accountability and Scrutiny: The Upper House has intensified scrutiny of government policies and administration through robust questions, debates, and effective parliamentary committees, holding the executive accountable.

Rajya Sabha's journey from a perceived appendage to a pivotal legislative and deliberative body highlights its indispensable role in upholding constitutional values, ensuring federal balance, and strengthening India's parliamentary democracy.