Q16.Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology.

Mangroves are vital salt-tolerant forest ecosystems in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones, critical for coastal health and biodiversity.

• Anthropogenic: Deforestation for aquaculture, agriculture, urbanization; pollution; climate change impacts like sea-level rise and intense storms.
• Natural: Severe storms, coastal erosion, and pest outbreaks also cause degradation.

• Coastal Protection: Natural barriers against storm surges, tsunamis, and erosion, safeguarding shorelines.
• Biodiversity Hotspot: Provide vital habitat, breeding, and nursery grounds for diverse marine and terrestrial species.
• Carbon Sequestration: Efficient "blue carbon" sinks, mitigating climate change by absorbing CO2.
• Livelihood Support: Sustain local communities through fisheries, timber, and ecotourism.
• Water Quality: Filter pollutants, sediments, and excess nutrients from land runoff.

Their multifaceted ecological and socio-economic benefits necessitate urgent conservation and sustainable management for resilient coastal environments.