Q15.“Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate protection and prevention of degradation to the environment.” Comment with relevant illustrations.

Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders significantly hinder effective environmental protection and prevention of degradation in India.

Policy Contradictions and Competing Stakeholders

Policies prioritizing economic growth, like industrialization and infrastructure, often clash with environmental conservation mandates. This stems from diverse interests of industry lobbies, agricultural sectors, urban developers, and differing government ministries (e.g., Environment vs. Coal/Roads).

Illustrations of Conflict

• Dilution of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) norms for 'ease of doing business'.
• Conflicts between forest conservation and large-scale mining projects.
• Coastal Zone Regulation violations due to tourism or fishing interests.
• Agricultural expansion leading to deforestation.

Such contradictions create regulatory loopholes, weaken enforcement, and result in unsustainable resource exploitation and ecological damage.

An integrated policy approach, robust inter-ministerial coordination, and inclusive stakeholder consultation are vital for sustainable environmental governance.