Q3.Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations.

The Indus Water Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank, allocates Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan, allowing India limited non-consumptive uses.

Ecological Implications

• Climate change-induced glacial melt heightens water scarcity, intensifying competition.
• Treaty violations or inefficient management risk environmental degradation.

Economic Implications

• India's hydropower potential on Western Rivers is constrained, impacting energy security.
• Pakistan's agriculture relies heavily on Western Rivers, vital for livelihoods and development.

Political Implications and Changing Bilateral Relations

• The IWT, a cooperation symbol, faces strain amid evolving bilateral tensions, surviving conflicts.
• Post-terror attacks, India sees calls for treaty review, increasing pressure.
• Pakistan raises concerns over Indian projects on Western Rivers, alleging violations.

Despite resilience, the IWT faces new challenges from climate change and heightened bilateral tensions. Sustained dialogue and adherence to dispute resolution are crucial for regional stability and sustainable water management.