Q19.Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism.

Indian federalism, a basic feature of our Constitution (Kesavananda Bharati case), uniquely balances federal principles with a strong centralizing bias. This examination explores its dual nature.

Federal Features

• Dual polity, written constitution, and constitutional supremacy.
• Division of powers (Seventh Schedule) ensuring state autonomy.
• Independent judiciary to interpret the Constitution.

Unitary/Centralizing Features

• Legislative: Union List dominance, residuary powers, Parliament's authority over State List during emergencies.
• Executive: Governor's role, All India Services.
• Financial: States' dependence on Centre.
• Other: Emergency provisions, single constitution/citizenship, Parliament's power to alter state boundaries.

Rationale for a Strong Centre

This centralizing tendency stems from historical context (partition), vast socio-economic diversity, and the imperative for national unity and integrity.

Ultimately, Indian federalism is 'quasi-federal' or 'cooperative', uniquely balancing federal principles with centralizing tendencies for national cohesion.