Q16.Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With regards to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India.

Pressure groups are non-electoral, interest-based organizations that seek to influence public policy without directly contesting elections, thus forming the 'informal face' of politics.

Structure of Pressure Groups

• Associational: Formal bodies like FICCI, trade unions.
• Institutional: Within government, e.g., bureaucracy.
• Non-associational: Informal groups based on caste, tribe.
• Anomic: Spontaneous, unorganized outbursts.

Functioning Methods

• Lobbying, protests, media campaigns.
• Judicial activism, electoral support.
• Public education and awareness.

Assessment of their Role and Impact

They articulate diverse demands, provide crucial feedback, and check government power, influencing policy formulation and implementation. This enhances democratic participation and accountability.

Challenges and Criticisms

• Narrow interests, lack of transparency.
• Potential for disruption, violent methods.
• Issues of legitimacy and funding.

Despite these challenges, pressure groups remain vital for a vibrant, responsive democracy, acting as a crucial link between citizens and governance.